Church and State in Italy During the Middle Ages Italy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 928 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Church and State in Italy during the middle ages! Church has always played a major part in Italian History. As Europe gradually emerged from the destruction of the Roman Empire, the church became one of the mainstays of civilisation. The disorganisation of the Holy Roman Empire, its ongoing dispute with the papacy over the extent of Church authority in secular government and absentee foreign overlords left Italians largely self-governing within their communes. At the start of the fourteenth century, Italy was a patchwork of independent towns and small principalities whose borders were drawn and redrawn by battles, diplomatic negotiations and marriage alliances. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, many of these petty principalities consolidated into five major political units that precariously balanced power on the Italian peninsula; the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, the Papal States and the three major city-states of Florence, Venice and Milan . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Church and State in Italy During the Middle Ages Italy" essay for you Create order The other minor city-states which co-existed with these larger powers made political stability in Italy even more tenuous as their loyalties shifted from one main force to another. The Catholic Church was the major unifying cultural influence, preserving its selection from Latin learning, maintaining the art of writing, and a centralised administration through its network of bishops. In 380 AD, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the decree of the Emperor, which would persist until the fall of the Western Empire, and later, with the Eastern Roman Empire, until the Fall of Constantinople . During this time (the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils) there were considered five primary sees according to Eusebius: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, known as the Pentarchy . After the destruction of the western Roman Empire, the church in the West was a major factor in the preservation of classical civilisation, establishing monasteries, and sending missionaries to convert the peoples of northern Europe, even travelling as far as Ireland in the north. In the East, the Byzantine Empire preserved Orthodoxy, well after the massive invasions of Islam in the mid-seventh century . The invasions of Islam devastated three of the five Patriarchal sees, capturing Jerusalem first, then Alexandria, and then finally in the mid-eighth century, Antioch. The whole period of the next five centuries was dominated by the struggle between Christianity and Islam throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The battles of Poitiers, and Toulouse preserved the Catholic west, even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850 AD, and Constantinople besieged . In the 11th century, already strained relations between the primarily Greek church in the East, and the Latin church in the West, developed into the East-West Schism, partially due to conflicts over Papal Authority. The fourth crusade and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach . In the 16th century, in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Church engaged in a process of substantial reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation. In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of religious scepticism during and after the Enlightenment . The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent three centuries before . Bishops were central to Middle Age society due to the literacy they possessed. As a result, they often played a significant role in governance. However, beyond the core areas of Western Europe, there remained many people with little or no contact with Christianity or with classical Roman culture . Martial societies such as the Avars and the Vikings were still capable of causing major disruption to the newly emerging societies of Western Europe. The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism within the west. Although the impulse to withdraw from society to focus upon a spiritual life is experienced by people of all cultures, the shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated in the deserts of Egypt and Syria . The style of monasticism that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called coenobitism, was pioneered by the saint Pachomius in the 4th century . Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Saint Anthony . Monasteries become the core focus for the education of Italians once the administration collapsed and the Church took over. However with the monasteries in charge of the learning they also had the right to choose what would be taught and what would be thrown out. Anything they didn’t see as ‘Christian’ would not be able to be used in library’s or classes . This allowed the church to dominate the future teaching direction of all Italian people. Books they found ‘unchristian’ where removed and burnt from all libraries, Art work that wasn’t up to Christian standards was also removed and either ruined or sold to other countries. A great number of the Italian cultural history was lost during this Christian period. The Italian culture today is due largely to the churches influence in the middle ages. The Church formed many traditions that are still in place today. The history of the State is one that has fashioned Italy for many years though out all their battles and rulers, each has shaped Italy in one way or another. Every decision made over the years has been one of great debate and will continue for many years. The Christian church holds an astonishing power over the cities and the way the country is run. The culture and churches influence will be a forever lasting one within Italy.

Notes On Computer Network Security - 1914 Words

INTRO TO COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY TJX SECURITY BREACH Harjot Kaur ID 1705173 MADS 6697 V1 Mohamed Sheriff July 10, 2016 Fairleigh Dickinson University, Vancouver Table of contents Introduction TJX, the largest off†price clothing retailer in the United States still suffers from the biggest credit†card theft in history. The company lost 94 million credit and debit card numbers resulting in a huge amount of fraudulent transactions due to weak security systems in at least one store. In addition, the customers lost believe in TJX† which led to a huge cut of sales. Company overview The TJX Companies, Inc. (NYSE: TJX), is an American clothing and home merchandise company situated in Framingham, Massachusetts. TJX was established in 1976 and worked for eight free organizations in the off-price segment - T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, Homegoods, A.J. Wright and Bob s Stores in the United States, Winners and HomeSense in Canada and T.K. Maxx in Europe. it is the main off-value retailer of clothing and home styles in the U.S. around the world, positioning No. 89 in the 2016 Fortune 500 postings, with $30.9 billion in revenues in 2015*, more than 3,600 stores in 9 nations, 3 e-commerce sites, and approximately 216,000 Associates. Case background TJX faced the largest online hack with about 94 million records lost in 2006. The company found in December 2006 about the breach and they were under the belief that they had been losing data from past six to sevenShow MoreRelatedBasic Home Computer Network and Computer Network Security Plan1208 Words   |  5 PagesGenerally, computer network security systems and structures considered robust are preceded not by software and hardware but by careful planning. A typical computer network security plan must take into consideration a wide range of security risks and vulnerabilities and from that, develop a road map to reduce such exposure. Given the need to protect the integrity and confidentiality of data as well as other system quality attributes, the need to mitigate exposure cannot be overstated. Security Risks Read MoreInformation Technology for Business1449 Words   |  6 PagesWide Area Networks. There are technologies for solving computational tasks (What is information technology - Types of Information Technology). Some of these technologies are used to develop different types of industrial detection systems and processors. These allow for higher security and higher volumes of information. Peer to peer (p2p) networks are the most commonly used networks that are cost effective and supports a lesser number of computers, usually 10-15 (Types of Computer Networks). BecauseRead MoreAccess Control Simulation713 Words   |  3 Pageswere security cameras outside of the building. There was a dumpster outside that was not secured, which could allow anyone access to sensitive information. Locking the dumpster or placing it in a secured location would mitigate this risk. The receptionist did not ask me to verify my identity. The receptionist should be required to verify the identity of everyone entering building to prevent a person from entering the building that isn’t authorized. There was a security room with security personnelRead MoreReport on the Security System at Natividad Medical Center1227 Words   |  5 PagesSecurity plan This final part of the project contains an in-depth and comprehensive report on the security system at Natividad Medical Center. Using relevant peer-reviewed and technical reports, I devise an analysis plan that explains thoroughly, how I will analyze as well as evaluate Natividad Medical Centers Hospital Computer Information Systems (HCIS) network and its hospital-grade systems infrastructure and technology components. In this comprehensive report, the details of what is going toRead MoreNetwork Intrusion : The United States Government s Human Resources Department1561 Words   |  7 Pages Network intrusion may be a difficult task to complete with advances in network security, but with evolving technology and the availability of information on the Internet, network intrusion prevention may be the harder task. It was mentioned above that one must get to know his enemy before the attack; the same can be said if the roles are switched and one is on the defense. To obtain and maintai n network security, motives for network intrusion must be analyzed. Take for example the attack thatRead MoreChallenges Faced By Computer Network Security1501 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- The rapid development in computer network technology leads to the security challenges faced by it at every step of its growth. Three main threats facing computer network security include: hackers, computer virus and denial of service attack. Safety factors of the network are mainly: resources sharing, data communication, computer virus and TCP/IP protocol security flaws. A safety network system should include at least three kinds of measures: legal measures, technical measures and reviewRead MoreInformation Systems About Mobile And Wireless Networks1545 Words   |  7 PagesA Key Concept in Information Systems about Mobile and wireless networks / security In information system there is a wireless network which is a network that uses a wireless instead of a wired technology, and in the wireless technology is Mobile and wireless networks / security. Mobile and Wireless Networks/ Security systems are vital to a burgeoning business landscape that increasing relies on database and information technology at its core by have the use of the internet on the go anywhere in theRead MoreDifferent Prediction Methods For Route Recovery In MANET1683 Words   |  7 Pagesmultiple paths exists between in various networks. an Ad Hoc Network(manet) usually define as a network that has many autonomous notes, that composed of mobile devices that can arrange themselves in various ways. ad hoc on demand distance vector(aodv) is routing protocol for mobile Ad Hoc networks(manets). mobile Ad Hoc Network wireless network that transmits from device to device. in place of using a central base station( access point) to which all computers communicate, this peer to peer more ofRead MoreMonitor The Network Of Home And Office Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesObjective The objective of this project is to monitor the network of home and office and also to measure and provide network monitoring speed, power up and power down features for specific device. This also helps in monitoring the selected network devices along with speed uptime. In addition, this project also scans and provides the actual number of active computers in a network. Following are the project objectives 1. To publish network monitoring speed when a certain threshold is reached. 2. ToRead MoreEvolution of ICT1384 Words   |  6 Pageswherein states are indulged in an arm race to acquire modern sophisticated military capabilities. On the other, commercialization of such capabilities has made them easily available to adversaries and criminal organizations. The concept of state security now hinges upon the acquisition of modern weapons to maintain deterrence and balance of power. Alongside physical military capabilities, the information revolution has changed the dimensions of modern warfare. ICTs application in communication

Why did the United States Withdraw From the Vietnam War

Why did the United States Withdraw From the Vietnam War? The United States withdrew from the Vietnam War for several reasons. The Army had to fight in unfamiliar territory, was lacking in moral, were not prepared for the conditions, could not shut down the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and were untrained to respond to guerilla warfare. This combination of disadvantages and the loss of public support led to the United States withdrawing from Vietnam. The United States Army was forced to fight in a new land that had different weather and geography than the U.S., and put the army at a disadvantage from the beginning of the war. Vietnam is a very hot, tropical country, as it is fairly close to the equator. It has jungles over most of the land, bit also†¦show more content†¦soldiers were fighting because they had been drafted. They just wanted to survive and go home. They would not have to face any direct consequences of losing the war. The Viet Minh, however, were fighting for a cause, and used much the same tactics as the United States in their war for independence. The American Revolution used guerilla warfare tactics to defeat the superior power of the British army. The U.S. could have taken from this experience, and perhaps fared better in Vietnam. The United States battle tactics did not fare well against an unseen enemy, who rarely presented himself in a full-scale battle, but rather picked at units one by one. A conversation between a colonel in the U.S. army and a colonel in the Vietnamese communist army summed up the guerilla warfare tactics used: You know you never defeated us on the battlefield, said the American Colonel. The North Vietnamese Colonel pondered this remark for a moment. That may be so, he replied, but that is also irrelevant. The revolutionaries in Vietnam used hit and run attacks. They would assault small groups of soldiers, by sneaking up on them. This worked well, because it allowed the Viet Minh to avoid bigger battles, which they were not trained for. They knew that the U.S. soldiers were unfamiliar with the battlegrounds and jungles, so they used this weakness to their advantage, by being able to move more quickly and stealthily than the U.S. troops. They also knew how toShow MoreRelatedU.s. Militar y And Political Relations With Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrelations with Vietnam today help think about why the U.S supported South Vietnam and participated in the Vietnam War and how the relationship turned into the way it is today. The Vietnam War started on November 1, 1955 and lasted until April 30, 1975. This war involved many significant leaders such as Richard Nixon, Lyndon B Johnson, John F Kennedy, Ho Chi Minh and many others. North Vietnam leaders had a great impact on the war by organizing many guerrillas and offensives while the South Vietnam leadersRead More How Can They Succeed?1034 Words   |  5 Pagesis behind him.† In the Vietnam War, many official soldiers and civilians took part in the combat. It started from December 1956 to 1975, nearly 20 years, in Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a war between North Vietnam and government of South Vietnam that United States participated and supported. It was a highlight in Vietnamese history and United States histor y also which was recorded, commented, discussed, debated in many books, journals and articles. In the South of Vietnam, there was a political organizationRead MoreUnited States Withdrawal From Vietnam Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Withdrawal From Vietnam America went to war in Vietnam with an aim of destroying the Vietcong to protect South Vietnam from Communism. America was against communism and they wanted to stop the spread of it. They did not achieve what they set out to do as they had many boundaries in their way. Events both inside and outside of Vietnam led to the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. I am going to be looking at the reasons as to why American troopsRead MoreVietnam War : The Longest And Most Unpopular American War1059 Words   |  5 PagesVietnam War The Vietnam War was the longest and most unpopular american war of the twentieth century (Mintz S. S. McNeil). Resulting in roughly 58,000 american deaths and 2 million vietnamese deaths, the twenty year war was a long and bloody battle that not only impacted the soldiers, but many civilians as well (â€Å"Vietnam War†). â€Å"It’s estimated that 70,000 to 300,000 Vietnam Veterans committed suicide and around 700,000 veterans suffered psychological trauma† (Rexy). Starting in (debateably) 1955Read MoreThe Vietnam War : We Can Not Understand War Without Understanding Culture1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War â€Å"We cannot understand war without understanding culture† â€Å"Involvement in two world wars and the Cold War transformed America into a â€Å"crusader state† convinced of the superiority of its institutions and way of life and intent on imposing them on the outside world. † Whether fought at home or abroad every war is to impact all parties involved. Such example of staggering influence on one country’s culture is no more evident then in America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. Upon enteringRead MoreVietnam War Turning Point Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesHome The Vietnam War was a long and bloody war between a communist government against South Vietnam along with its ally, the U.S. After long years of fighting and many deaths, the war ended on April 30, 1975 after President Nixon and the communist government negotiated secretly about a compromise. The paris peace accord solved a long-lasting issue, that was the vietnam war. The Paris Peace Accords was a major turning point in the Vietnam War because it ended the Vietnam War, brought peace to theRead MoreEssay about Why the U.S. Withdrew Its Forces from Vietnam in 1973924 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the U.S. Withdrew Its Forces from Vietnam in 1973 The USA’s involvement in Vietnam started in 1954, for a few reasons. Firstly, the Americans were, as always, concerned with the spread of communism. They wanted to stop communism spreading through south-east Asia. They were worried that if one country were to fall to a communist leader, so would neighbouring countries. This was known as the Domino Theory. These reasons for joining the war in Vietnam and the factRead More Explain why america left vietnam Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesExplain why the United States left Vietnam A culmination of problems within Vietnam, domestically and internationally forced the United States to leave the nation. The key reasons for withdrawal were bulging economic costs, an increasingly impatient home front, an underestimation of North Vietnamese ideology, events which turned the war and ineffective strategies. The United States was left in an unpleasant situation. The French President, Charles de Gaulle, had warned the US against its Vietnam involvementRead MoreProtests That Were Heard Around The World Protests867 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern day United States was vastly completed, an intensifying sense of greed began to take over the minds of governing officials, as it did in other modernizing countries. Wars began to dismiss civil and humanitarian explanations, and instead were focused on factors such as territorial expansion and possible resource prosperity. These factors were often held close to officials while the general population relied on misconceptions that were created by media. The war that took place in Vietnam was certainlyRead MoreEssay on History of The U.S. Military1196 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;History of The U.S. Military nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The history of the United States military is a very prestige, brave, heroic, and memorable one at that. Starting on September 3, 1793 the United States was officially it’s own nation and it’s own military. At that time many other countries didn’t believe that we would succeed but, now we are one of the strongest, freest, and most prestige country to possible ever be developed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The

Social Context Assessment and Case Formulation Solution

Question: Describe the client's family and social context. Assessment and case Formulation including psychosocial needs (supported by references). Describe the substance abuse model- Abstinence and rationale. Outline of counselling and treatment process--- residential detox then residential rehabilitation with partner. Client outcomes- challenges and supports such as cultural programs, religious organisation- pastor support for education, sporting organisations, recreational PCYC........ Identify ethical issues likely to arise. Answer: As Ruby seems to be neglected by her parents and feels that they have no time for her, it seems that this is the main cause of her alcohol addiction. Hence, the cognitive behavioral model will be involved in the treatment of Ruby, as this method is focused on making individuals learn that how their personal feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, like alcohol drinking, in this case, are connected and various methods to break this kind of connections. The treatment plan will include helping the client analyze and recognize her environment, as well as, analysis of the methods of responding to the various cues to utilize alcohol, as well as, to develop new ways and methods of response to these different cues. Further, this treatment plan will involve the cognitive therapy and will attempt in reducing excessive and rapid emotional reactions, as well as, the self-defeating attitude of the client by modifying her faulty thinking, as well as, maladaptive beliefs which are responsible for these k ind of reactions (Kumpfer, 2002). Moreover, this treatment plan will involve strategies that will focus on the various behavioral aspects and ways of coping instead of thinking or running away from the situation. Hence, it will involve the participation of the client in relapse prevention programs and other training programs for the development of the cognitive, behavioral, as well as, abstinence skills. This treatment method will include 12-16 sessions, usually for more than 12 weeks and will focus on developing interpersonal skills, as well as, strategies to help client expand her social support connections and other coping skills. The physical and psychological aspects that may occur in this case are changes in the behavior of the client as she is asked to refrain herself from the alcohol use. It may lead to the aggressive or angry behavior. Moreover, the difficulty faced by the client during the early stages of the plan to refrain herself from the alcohol can lead to the event o f relapse. Hence, proper monitoring and participation in the relapse prevention events and various other supporting programs are highly recommended (Worley, Tate, McQuaid, Granholm, Brown, 2013). As Sammy is highly addicted to alcohol with the habit of drinking alcohol as soon as he wakes up and due to the deterioration of his health status caused by alcohol drinking, the use of abstinence model or 12-step model will be used in the treatment of Sammy. As this method involves the multi-disciplinary and is abstinence-oriented, hence, it will help Sammy to stop consuming alcohol and abstain himself from drinking. Firstly, this treatment plan will involve the teaching and educate the client about the use of alcohol as a major problem and its extent. Secondly, this method will involve the motivational interviewing process while counseling with the client for a better understanding of his alcohol addiction and resolving the problem (Winters, Stinchfield, Latimer, Lee, 2007). Thirdly, this method will involve different individual and group therapies, the collaboration of the method with other supporting teams like PCYC and religious organizations for physical and recreational activ ities, as well as, will involve inpatient detoxification, various rehabilitation services, as well as, other outpatient services. This method will also involve the spiritual orientation and will include other symptomatic treatments for the upliftment of the clients health status. This plan will be followed for at least 28 days with participation in the twelve step programs and meetings (Lammertink, Lhrer, Kaiser, Hambrecht, Pukrop, 2008). Moreover, it will also include aftercare plan for supporting ongoing recovery of the client after the completion of the treatment plan as it is the life-long process. The physical and psychological challenges that may occur in this case is the occurrence of the serious symptoms that may occur when there is no alcohol consumption all of a sudden. Hence, it requires close medical monitoring of the patient due to his deteriorated health condition and alcohol addiction. Moreover, the chances of relapse are also there even if abstinence is achieved dur ing the treatment process, thus, requiring the after care plan utilization (Khalsa, Treisman, McCance-Katz, Tedaldi, 2008).As Amira is a heroin addict and has been arrested for soliciting, the use of a cognitive behavioral model, as well as, pharmacological treatments will be the preferred method of treating Amira. The foremost step in the treatment plan will be the detoxification or chemical withdrawal of the client from heroin. The second step to be followed after detoxification of the client will be the use of various classes, as well as, therapy sessions that will help the client in coping the situation and overcoming the desire of using of heroin again ("Maintenance Treatment of Heroin Addiction. Evidence at the Crossroads", 2004). The next step of this treatment plan will be the maintenance after the completion of the treatment program. It involves follow-up care by participation in the 12-step programs like Narcotics Anonymous and other supporting groups besides the individu al therapy (Connell, 2006). Residential training for the period of about 30-90 days will be undertaken depending upon the addiction of the client and her improvement. The physical and psychological challenges that can be experienced by the patient may involve various withdrawal symptoms experienced by the patient on stopping heroin use like vomiting, bone pain, restlessness, insomnia, cold flashes (Blanken, Hendriks, van Ree, van den Brink, 2010). Moreover, there can be extreme cravings for the heroin experienced by the patient in association with the withdrawal symptoms, which can lead to the relapse of the heroin addiction. Hence, the use of medical treatment during the process of detoxification is very important to minimize these withdrawal symptoms, as well as, the extreme cravings for the heroin use. Hence, the treatment plan will include the medically assisted detoxification process, cognitive-behavioral therapy, various educational and motivational lectures, individual, as w ell as, group counseling programs, family therapy, and the incorporation of the 12-step program as a after care plan (Future Challenges For Heroin And Other Opioid Substitution Treatment", 2008). Introduction Drugs, as well as, substance abuse are found to be the major contributing problem worldwide and has become the major problem observed among teenagers. It has been observed that several youngsters do drugs to show they are cool or because they are pressured by the peers into doing drugs. It has been found that the peer pressure has been the concerned problem regarding the drug abuse. People who are a substance or drug addict have no control over their lives and lacks the understanding regarding their surroundings. Risk factors like lack of emotional or mental resources to cope up with the stress, requiring sudden relief from distress, or having a low tolerance to handle the stress and frustration are commonly found to be the reasons for drug addiction (Shepard, 2002). In this article, I will seek to review the case of the Australian movie character, Samson in the movie titled Samson and Delilah, who is involved in the substance abuse and is a petrol sniffer. Case study Description of the character: Samson is a teenager who lives in the remote Aboriginal area of the Central Australia. He used to live with his brother and shares the battered cinder-block apartment with his elder brother. The apartment is dirty and, besides having the refrigerator, which has no eatables or food inside it, the house does not have any other kind of the real furniture. The community where he lives is surrounded by empty beer cans, milk crates, as well as, abandoned cars and litters the poor, as well as, an oppressed community where he survives. The life of Samson is miserable, and he used to live in the extreme conditions. Due to the poverty and poor conditions of his family, he has become addicted to substance abuse and sniffs petrol to alleviate his boredom and physical hunger. He wants to learn guitar and his brother has the reggae band. However, his brother does not allow him to play his instrument. Hence, to amuse himself besides beating his physical hunger, Samson has become a substance addict and used to sniff petrol for his personal amusement and to overcome his miserable life due to the poverty and isolation. He finds petrol sniffing to be the way of coping his loneliness and boredom he has in his life. Samsons petrol sniffing addiction increases and worsens day by day due to which he is losing the touch with the real world (Gorman, 2009). Evaluation of the case: Samson is a petrol sniffer, and his addiction is increasing day by day as he wishes to overcome the harsh cruelty of his life. His psychosocial needs indicate that Samsons addiction to the petrol sniffing is to overcome his physical hunger and boredom as he belongs to the poor family and lives in an isolated community with his brother. His brother is not supporting in nature and devoid of having family relations due to the absence of family, Samson is found to be involved in the addiction. Moreover, the use of illicit substances, alcohol, as well as, tobacco is found to be the cau se, as well as, effect of the great suffering seen among the Indigenous people. The statistics have shown that about 28 % of the Indigenous people are found to be more involved in the substance and drug abuse as compared to the other Non-Indigenous people. The isolation of the Indigenous people from the white community and the sufferings they have faced has led to the use of illicit drugs. The inequality and the lower standards of living of the Indigenous people like lack of education, healthy housing, proper sanitation, food resources, as well as, unemployment are the factors that have inclined the client to the addiction (Gorman, 2009). Substance abuse model for the client: Depending upon the condition and level of addiction in Samson, the abstinence-based addiction counseling is chosen to treat the addiction of the client. Through counseling, as well as, through continued support, the client will be recovered from the addiction as long as the client maintains the abstinence from the petrol sniffing for a lifelong term (Laudet Stanick, 2010). The main and foremost goal of this substance abuse model is to help Samson achieve, as well as, to maintain the abstinence from the petrol sniffing and other addictive behaviors and chemicals. The secondary goal of this treatment model is to help him recover all the damage and negative impacts the client had faced due to the addiction (Dawson, 2000). Rationale: The abstinence-based addiction counseling will work initially by making the client understand the problem and by motivating him to recognize the occurrence of his problem, as well as, the related irrational thinking with this problem. Next, the patient will be encouraged and motivated to achieve, as well as, maintain the abstinence from the petrol sniffing. Moreover, through this counseling model of substance abuse, we will develop the required and important psychosocial skills, as well as, the spiritual development that will be helpful to the client to continue his abstinence from the substance in the lifelong process of recovery. This approach will actively lead to the formation of the strong and healthy therapeutic alliance among the client (Dodge, Sindelar, Sinha, 2005). Interventions: As Samsons addiction is worsening day by day, therefore, I will follow the Abstinence-focused addiction counseling method for treating his addiction problem. The abstinence treatment model of substance abuse will initially be focused on the diagnosis mainly on the comprehensive evaluation of the client, which recognizes and determines that addiction is the biological, social, as well as, a psychological disease. Hence, the initial and foremost phase of this model of treatment of substance abuse will require the process of detoxification that will be medically supervised. Moreover, the comorbid diseases and health issues that can be associated with the petrol sniffing, as well as, dual diagnosis of the diseases like bipolar disorder, depression, hyperactivity disorder, or attention deficit disorder will also be diagnosed, as well as, treated whatever the case may be (Chi, Sterling, Campbell, Weisner, 2013). The treatment for the substance abuse will involve the use of cultural interventions, individual cognitive based behavioral therapies, group therapies, partner therapy, as well as, the relapse prevention measures and therapy. The use of cultural interventions has found to offer the promise and hope of recovery from various kinds of addictions and substance abuse for Indigenous people. From the use of various sweat lodges to the implementation of traditional teachings, the regionally based interventions will be practiced. The use of cultural elders that will help the client to assume their traditional role and will be a constant reminder to him about his native cultural and traditional norms will be followed. Art therapy that will include traditional teachings and social culture programs will also be followed. Psycho-therapeutic practices involving spiritual and cultural domains will help the client to identify his tradition and culture (Rowan et al., 2014). Besides giving traditional teachings, will work in collaboration with the supporting te ams like Uniting Church that works for the upliftment of indigenous people and acknowledges their rights. Uniting Church is the community service provider and provide various scholarships for training and education, employments, and work for the benefit of Indigenous People (Cardelus, Lowman, Eshete, 2012). Hence, this will help the client to overcome the social determinants of his life that have forced him towards addiction. Moreover, the client will be enrolled in the petrol sniffing prevention program where the client will participate in the volatile substance rehabilitation program, will be re-engaged in various cultural activities like hunting, visit to sacred places, fishing, as well as, learning the stories. Moreover, there will be implementation of various education and communication strategies, activities for strengthening and supporting the Indegenous people community, and evaluation of the progress of the client (Bryce, Rowse, Scrimgeour, 2010). Moreover, the use of cog nitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and narrative therapy. Client Outcomes: The outcome of this treatment model will be positive for the client as it focuses on the underlying reasons responsible for the addiction of the client to the substance abuse. Moreover, this model helps in overcoming and dealing with the medical, religious, as well as, the psychological components. This treatment plan also includes the after treatment programs that motivate and encourages the patient to continue his abstinence to the substance abuse. The total abstinence is the main motto of this program. The use of the cognitive behavioral therapy will help the client to understand the link between his addictive behavior and his surroundings and environment. Moreover, this therapy will help him to analyze his feelings that insist him to petrol sniffing and will provide ways to overcome these kind of feelings and situation (Moyers Houck, 2011). The use of the acceptance and commitm ent therapy will help the client overcome psychological disorders. It is a mindfulness therapy and will aim to help the client learn, as well as, grow as a result of his sufferings. Moreover, this therapy will help the client to develop the detached relationship to his thoughts and feelings. While, the narrative therapy will help the client to re-map his future by heading in a positive and a sober direction. This therapy will highlight the positive past experiences of the client that will motivate him and will become the building blocks for his successful future (Marsh, Dale, Willis, 2007). However, during the process of this treatment of substance abuse, the client will face various difficulties and challenges as it will be very difficult for him to refrain himself from petrol sniffing suddenly. Due to this, the client may be unwilling or unable to remain adhered to the treatment program. Frequent dropouts, as well as, withdrawal symptoms can also occur as a result of this. Moreov er, lapses can often occur during the early period of this treatment plan. Hence, motivational, as well as, supporting services are very much required and important for the clients adherence to the treatment program (Galanter, 2007).Ethical issues likely to arise in this case: The ethical issues related to the clients confidentiality, cultural background, and societal status are likely to arise in this case. Respect of the client in respect of his cultural background and social status is very important. As the client belongs to the poor economical status and to the Aboriginal community, it is likely that his counseling process is being affected by these parameters. However, this behavior is beyond the ethical norms and is the breach of the code of ethics, which states that the person should be treated and counseled irrespective of his caste, creed, color, and background (Scott, 2000). Moreover, as this treatment and counseling process is solely focused on abstinence process, it may work against the will of the client at certain times due to the clients desire of drug addiction and in the case of relapse. Other ethical issues that may arise in this case can be negligence or improper counseling and treatment method for the substance abuse of the client due to the inability of his to pay for the process. As the client is poor and inefficient in paying for the counseling process and providing any other kind of financial support, it is likely to happen that these parameters might affect the whole counseling process (Bretteville-Jensen, 2006). The confidentiality, equality, and autonomy are the few ethical concerns likely to arise in this case. Conclusion The abstinence model involves the comprehensive, as well as, the multi-disciplinary approach focusing on the treatment of various kind of addictions that is abstinence-related. Various kinds of elements, as well as, methods that are widely related with the foremost treatment method while following this model involves individual therapies, group therapies, motivational and encouraging lectures, multi-disciplinary staff, recovering individuals as counselors, a therapeutic milieu, family counseling, various therapeutic oriented work assignments, utilization of the Twelve Step program, family counseling, daily evaluation of the clients progress, attendance of the client at AA meetings, as well as, provision of various opportunities to the client for recreational and physical activity (Notley, Blyth, Maskrey, Pinto, Holland, 2014). Even after the completion of the treatment plan, the clients are encouraged to participate and involve in the meetings and after care programs. This model has the main focus on identifying the chemical dependency to be the main problem. This model is neither punitive nor blaming, and it emphasizes on seeking the treatment to be the best and appropriate response to the chemical dependency problem. Hence, this method besides helping in achieving the abstinence from the substance abuse also provides the measures favoring the continuity of this abstinence for a life long term (Reichel Bevins, 2009). References Future challenges for heroin and other opioid substitution treatment. (2008). Addiction, 103(6), 967-968. Blanken, P., Hendriks, V., van Ree, J., van den Brink, W. (2010). Outcome of long-term heroin-assisted treatment offered to chronic, treatment-resistant heroin addicts in the Netherlands.Addiction, 105(2), 300-308. Bretteville-Jensen, A. (2006). Unresolved Issues Associated With Current Economic Models of Substance Abuse. Substance Use Misuse, 41(4), 605-606. Bryce, S., Rowse, T., Scrimgeour, D. (2010). Evaluating the petrol-sniffing prevention programs of the Healthy Aboriginal Life Team (HALT). Australian Journal Of Public Health, 16(4), 387-396. Cardelus, C., Lowman, M., Eshete, A. (2012). Uniting Church and Science for Conservation.Science, 335(6071), 915-917. Chi, F., Sterling, S., Campbell, C., Weisner, C. (2013). 12-Step Participation and Outcomes Over 7 Years Among Adolescent Substance Use Patients With and Without Psychiatric Comorbidity.Substance Abuse, 34(1), 33-4 2. CONNELL, P. (2006). Organization of the treatment and supervision of heroin addiction. Addiction,90(6), 843-845. Dawson, D. (2000). Alternative measures and models of hazardous consumption. Journal Of Substance Abuse, 12(1-2), 79-91. Dodge, R., Sindelar, J., Sinha, R. (2005). The role of depression symptoms in predicting drug abstinence in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Journal Of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28(2), 189-196. Galanter, M. (2007). Spirituality and recovery in 12-step programs: An empirical model. Journal Of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33(3), 265-272. Gorman, S. (2009). Review of Samson and Delilah. History Australia, 6(3), 81.1-81.2. Khalsa, J., Treisman, G., McCance-Katz, E., Tedaldi, E. (2008). Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Co-Occurring Infections: Research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Substance Abuse, 29(3), 5-16. Kumpfer, K. (2002). Prevention of alcohol and drug abuse: What works?. Substance Abuse, 23(sup1), 23-45. Lammertink, M., Lh rer, F., Kaiser, R., Hambrecht, M., Pukrop, R. (2008). Differences in substance abuse patterns: multiple drug abuse alone versus schizophrenia with multiple drug abuse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104(5), 361-366. Laudet, A. Stanick, V. (2010). Predictors of motivation for abstinence at the end of outpatient substance abuse treatment. Journal Of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(4), 317-327. Maintenance Treatment of Heroin Addiction. Evidence at the Crossroads. (2004). Addiction, 99(10), 1360-1360. Marsh, A., Dale, A., Willis, L. (2007). A counsellor's guide to working with alcohol and drug users. Perth, W.A: Drug and Alcohol Office.Moyers, T. Houck, J. (2011). Combining Motivational Interviewing With Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Substance Abuse: Lessons From the COMBINE Research Project. Cognitive And Behavioral Practice, 18(1), 38-45. Notley, C., Blyth, A., Maskrey, V., Pinto, H., Holland, R. (2014). Exploring the Concepts of Abstinence and Recovery Through the Experie nces of Long-Term Opiate Substitution Clients.Substance Abuse, 36(2), 232-239. Reichel, C. Bevins, R. (2009). Forced Abstinence Model of Relapse to Study Pharmacological Treatments of Substance Use Disorder. Current Drug Abuse Reviewse, 2(2), 184-194. Rowan, M., Poole, N., Shea, B., Gone, J., Mykota, D., Farag, M. et al. (2014). Cultural interventions to treat addictions in Indigenous populations: findings from a scoping study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy, 9(1), 34. Scott, C. (2000). Ethical Issues in Addiction Counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 43(4), 209-214. Shepard, P. (2002). Integrated medical and substance abuse treatment increases abstinence rates for people with substance abuse-related medical conditions. Evidence-Based Healthcare, 6(2), 51-52. Winters, K., Stinchfield, R., Latimer, W., Lee, S. (2007). Long-term outcome of substance-dependent youth following 12-step treatment. Journal Of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33(1), 61-69. Worley, M., Tate, S., McQuai d, J., Granholm, E., Brown, S. (2013). 12-Step Affiliation and Attendance Following Treatment for Comorbid Substance Dependence and Depression: A Latent Growth Curve Mediation Model. Substance Abuse, 34(1), 43-50.